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Showing posts with label History. Show all posts
Showing posts with label History. Show all posts

Saturday, 23 June 2018

Vedic Age | Part 1 | General Studies

Saturday, June 23, 2018 0
The Vedic Age/ the Aryans 


  • There is a huge contradiction among the historians on the origin of the Aryans, however, the theory given by Max Muller is widely accepted according to which it is believed that the Aryans have originated from the areas around the Caspian Sea in Central Asia. 
  • It is believed that Aryans entered into India through the Khyber Pass around 1500 B.C as the sacred book of Zoroastrians Zend Avesta indicates. The Vedic Civilization was the culture and traditions of the society prevalent during the Vedic age (1500- 600 BCE). 
  • It should be noted here that after the decline of Indus Valley civilization by 1500 BC the next wave of civilization began to take shape in form of Aryan occupation of Indo-Gangetic plain. 
The Aryans: 

  • Typically, the age of Aryans is known as the Vedic age because the four major Vedas were created in this time. 
  • The word Aryan is derived from the Sanskrit word “Arya” which means noble, not ordinary. 
  • They arrived from Russian steppes, as is believed and agreed to by majority historians. 
  • But various scholars voice a different opinion about their origin. Bal Gangadhar Tilak argued that Aryans came from the Arctic region following their astronomical calculations. 
  • It is generally agreed that they spoke Indo-Aryan Language, Sanskrit.
  • They were semi-nomadic, pastoral people, who led a rural life as compared to the urban Harappans. 
Vedic Literature: 
  • The term Veda means “superior knowledge” in Sanskrit. 
  • Four major Vedas constitute the Vedic literature. They are – Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Sam Veda, and Atharva Veda. 
    •  Rig Veda – Earliest Veda. Has 1028 hymns in praise Gods. 
    • Yajur Veda – Has details of rules to be followed during sacrifices.
    • Sam Veda – Has a collection of songs. The origins of Indian music are traced to it. 
    • Atharva Veda – has a collection of spells and charms.
  • Besides these Vedas, there were Brahmanas, Upanishads, Aryankas, and epics- Ramayana and Mahabharata. 
    • Brahmanas – Prose about vedic hymns, rituals and philosophies. 
    • Aryankas – Deal with mysticism, rites and rituals. 
    • Upnishads – Philosophical texts dealing with soul, mysteries of nature.
    • Ramayana was authored by Valmiki. 
    • Mahabharata was written by Ved Vyasa. 
Classification of Vedic Period: 

The period of Vedic Civilization(1500-500 BCE) is divided into two broad parts 
  • Early Vedic Period (1500-1000 BC), also known as Rig Vedic Period. 
  • Later Vedic Period (1000- 600 BC). 
Political Organisation in Vedic Age: In Early Vedic Age: 
  • ‘Kula‘ was the basic unit of political organization. 
  • Multiple families together of kinship formed a ‘grama‘. 
  • Leader of ‘grama’ was ‘Gramani‘. 
  • Group of villages were called ‘visu’, headed by ‘vishayapati‘. 
  • The highest political and administrative unit was ‘jana‘ or tribe. 
  • There were several such tribal kingdoms – Bharatas, Matsyas, Yadus and Purus. 
  • The head of kingdom was ‘Rajan‘ or king. 
  • The Rig Vedic polity was hereditary monarchy normally. 
  • There were two bodies- Sabha(council of elders) and Samiti(general assembly of people).
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Indus Valley Civilization | Part 2 | Govt Exams

Saturday, June 23, 2018 0
Indus Valley Civilization | Part 2

Harappa 

  • It was founded in the year 1921 by Mr. Dayaram Sahani. It is situated near the Sahiwal district of Pakistan on the banks of the river Ravi. 
  • The Great Granary was found here measuring 169 feet X 35 feet. A naked sandstone torso was found which also gives the traces of the Jainism. Stone symbols of female genitals Single room barrack.


Mohenjo-Daro    

  • It was founded in the year 1922 by Mr. R.D. Banerjee. It is situated in the Larkana district of Pakistan on the banks of river Indus. It is derived from the Sindhi word which means the “Mound of the Dead” The Great Bath was found here. 
  • Multi pillared assembly hall A piece of woven cloth Stamp/Seal with the image of the Pashupati Mahadev Statue of the bearded man Evidence of direct trade relations with the Mesopotamia Civilization Mohenjodaro was the most advanced city of the Indus Valley Civilization the roads were wide and straight and were 33 feet wide. 
  • The roads run in the North-South direction and the other roads run in the East-West direction and they both cut each other at right angles.


Kalibanga

  • It was founded in the year 1953 by Mr. Amlanana Ghosh It was situated near the Hanumangarh district of Rajasthan on the banks of the river Ghaggar. The word Kalibanga means the Black Bangles The ploughed field at Kalibanga is the most important discovery of that time.
  • Wooden wheel was found here which also gives the proof that the people of Kalibanga use the bullock carts Bones of camels are found here The tiled floor was found here which has the design of intersecting of circles Human head with long oval eyes and thick lower lips Two types of burial was found here Burials in the circular grave Burials in the rectangular grave.

Chanhu-Daro 

  • It was founded in the year 1931 by M.G.Majumdar Chahudaro was situated on the eastern side of river Indus in the Sindh province of Pakistan Chanudharo has three different cultural layers Indus Culture, Jhukar Culture and Jhangar Culture. 
  • It was the only site in the Indus Valley Civilization without the Citadel. During the excavations a small pot, bullock carts and ekkas, footprints of the elephant and the dog chasing the cat.  

Lothal 

  • It was founded in the year 1957 by S.R. Rao. 
  • It is situated near the Gulf of Khambatt in Gujarat. An artificial dockyard was found here. 
  • It was the most important port city of the Indus Valley Civilization Boat made up of Terracotta was found here which gives the traces that they have the trade relations with the other civilizations of the world. 
  • Evidence of rice was found here as the rice granary was found at Rangpur near Ahemadabad in Gujarat A terracotta statue of horse was found here Seal which has the design of the ship. 
  • A printed jar which resembles the story of the cunning fox which is also mentioned in the Panchatantra. 
  • A compass like measuring instrument was found which can measure the angles of 1800, 900 and 450 Evidence of double burial was found i.e. male and female were found in the single grave which also gives the traces of Sati practice. Evidence of chess like game.

Ropar 

Founded in the year 1953 by Y.D.Sharma. It is situated in the state of Punjab in India The excavations at the Ropar includes pottery, ornaments, copper axes, seal etc A strange burial was found here i.e. the dead body of dog was found along with the dead body of the human being.

  

Banwali 

Founded in the year 1973 by R.S. Bisht.  It is situated near the Hissar district of Haryana  Huge quantity of Barley and Mustard was found here A terracotta plough was also found here which the most remarkable discovery.
Surkotada 
Founded in the year 1964 by Jagat Pal Joshi. It is situated in the Kutch district of Gujarat During the excavations the first remains of the horse bones was found here.

Economic Life of the Indus Valley Civilization
Agriculture 
  • The Indus plains were made fertile by the annual inundation of the river Indus. This river carried far more alluvial soil than many other contemporary rivers like the Nile in Egypt. 
  • The farmers sowed their seeds in November when the flood waters receded and reaped their harvests in April before the next floods. They must have produced enough to provide for the people in villages and cities. 
  • They produced wheat, barley, rice, sesamum, mustard etc. They also produced significant quantities of cotton. 
Technology, arts & crafts  

  • The people of the Indus Valley Civilization well know the technique of mining the best example of this can be seen from the nearby mines of Khetri in Rajasthan which is famous for its copper. 
  • Tin was probably brought from mines in Bihar or from Afghanistan. The amount of artifacts left behind by the Indus Valley Civilization suggests that there were a large group of bronze smiths who not only made utensils but also made various kinds of tools as well. 
  • There is evidence which suggests that they may also have practiced weaving, possibly using spindle whorls. Whatever buildings have been excavated seems to have been made of brick which indicates that brick-laying must also have been an important occupation. 
  • Besides the above, people of the Indus Valley Civilization must also have followed the occupations of seal-making, goldsmiths, pottery, bead making etc.  
Trade 
  • The discovery of the artificial brick dockyard at Lothal and the seals having the pictures of the boat gives the traces that the people of the Indus Valley. Civilization has the trade relation with the other civilizations of the world such as the Mesopotamia civilization. 
  • There was also the internal trading as they used the bullock carts for the transportation. The unit of measurement was 16 (16, 64, and 160,320)  
Religious Life & Culture 
  • The main gods of worship for the people of Indus Valley Civilization was Puhupati Mahadev( Lord Shiva) The people of the Indus Valley Civilization also worship the Phallus (lingam) and yoni Animal worshipped- Unicorn and Bull Tree worshipped- Pipal Bird worshipped- Dove & Pigeon When any person dies in the Indus Valley Civilization they lay them in North-South direction with the head in North and the legs in South direction. 
  • There was the practice of burying the dead body in the rectangular or the oval pits.
Script and Language 

  • The script of the Indus Valley Civilization is pictographic in nature which has around 600 pictographs. The writing style of the of the Indus Valley Civilization is known as “Boustrophedon” i.e. they write the first line from right to left and the second line from left to right. The language of the Indus Valley Civilization is still unknown.  
Causes of Decline 
The definite cause of decline for the Indus Valley Civilization is still elusive since 
there are no written records of the period and there are various speculations from the historians. 
There are four main reasons behind the decline of Indus Valley Civilization as concluded by the historians 
  • Due to decrease of the soil fertility 
  • Due to increase of salinity in the water from the neighboring deserts 
  • Due to natural calamity such as Earthquake, Flood, Famine etc 
  • Aryans when they came to India they destroyed the Indus Valley Civilization.
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Pre History and Indus Valley Civilisation | Part 1 | Govt Exams

Saturday, June 23, 2018 0
Indus Valley Civilization and its important foundings for Govt Exams

Pre History and Indus Valley Civilisation 

PRE HISTORY 

The Stone Ages 
  • The Prehistoric age refers to that period of the past for which we do not have the written records therefore the knowledge of this period is based upon the materials found in the archaeological excavations. 
  • The people living during this age made the hunting tools from the stones found in their surroundings and they used these tools to hunt down animals and gather food in order to satisfy their hunger. Since the people used the tools made from stones in this period thus this phase of human development is identified as the Stone Age.
  •  On the basis of the different techniques and tools the stages of the human development is divided into Paleolithic or Old Stone Age, Mesolithic or the Middle Stone Age and Neolithic or New Stone Age. The first human being who is believed to live is known as the ‘Peking Man’.
Paleolithic Age/ Old Stone Age (5, 00,000 B.C- 10,000 B.C) 
  • The Paleolithic Age according to the archaeologist has developed in the Pleistocene period or the Ice Age. The people of the this age were hunters and gatherers and they belongs to the Negroid race During this period the man uses the materials of the stones and lived in caves and shelters.
  • The man during this period has no idea of agriculture, fire etc. The man basically uses hand axes, choppers, cleavers, blades and burin which was made up of the hard rock’s known as quartzite thus the Paleolithic man is also known as the ‘Quartzite Men’ The Paleolithic Age is divided into three parts early or lower Paleolithic, Middle Paleolithic and Upper Paleolithic. 
  • In the Early Paleolithic Age the climate was very cold and it was basically known as the Ice Age. In this the tools used were hand axes, cleavers and choppers which are found in the Soan and Sohan valley (now in Pakistan).
  • In the Middle Paleolithic Age the use of stone tools was most dominant such as scrapers, borers and blade like sharp tools which are found in the Soan, Narmada and Tungbhadra valleys. 
  • In the Upper Paleolithic Age the climate became warm and the use of burins and scrapers was there which was found in the Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Chota Nagpur Plateau etc. 
Mesolithic/Middle Stone Age (10,000B.C- 6000 B.C) 
  • In this age due to the change of the climate and the natural vegetation it made easy for the people to move to the new areas.
  • The tools in the Mesolithic Age the tools become more pointed but they were made up of stones only. In this age also the people were hunter and gatherers but in the later stage of the Mesolithic Age people also domesticated animals. 
  • In the last phase of the Mesolithic Age people also started cultivation The Rock painting found at Bhimbetka near Bhopal belonging to the Mesolithic age indicates the artistic taste of the people. The Mesolithic phase was found in the Chatonagpur region, Central India and also in the south of the Krishna River. 
Neolithic/ New Stone Age (6000 B.C1000 B.C) 
  • In the Neolithic Age the people uses the stone tools only but now they were made up of materials other than the quartzite which were more lethal, pointed and polished. In the Neolithic Age people started growing fruits and corn like ragi and horse gram. 
  • In the Neolithic Age people started the use of fire making the potteries. They uses the fire to make food and also for their safety from the wild animals at night by lighting the fire outside their caves. In the Neolithic Age people also started weaving the clothes of cotton and wool and started wearing them.
  • In the later part of the Neolithic Age people started living more settled life and started living in the circular and the rectangular houses. 
  • Neolithic sites were found at Burzahom and Gulfkral in Jammu and Kashmir, Maski, Brahamgiri, Piklihal and Tekkalakota in Karnataka, Paiyampatti in Tamil Nadu, Garo hills of Meghalaya etc.

CHALCOLITHIC AGE 

  • After the Neolithic Age comes the new phase of human development known as the Chalcolithic Age in which the people started using the metals out which the first metal to be used by the humans was copper. 
  • In this phase, people started making the tools made up of copper as well as stone. 
  • The major discoveries of the Chalcolithic Age include bronze rhinoceros, elephant, two-wheeled chariot with a rider and a buffalo.
  • The people of the Chalcolithic Age practice Subsistence agriculture and the main crops of this period include rice, barley, wheat, gram, jowar, coarse grain, pea, lentils etc.
  •  The important Chalcolithic sites in India are spread in Rajasthan, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh etc.  

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

Indus Valley Civilization | SSC CGL

  • The Indus Valley Civilization is one of the oldest civilization of the world along with the Mesopotamia Civilization in Iraq and Ancient Egypt Civilization. 
  • The Indus Valley Civilization is also known as the Harappan Civilization as Harappa was the first and the most important site if the Indus Valley Civilization. 
  • The Indus Valley Civilization was spread in 12, 60,000 sq.kms which includes whole Pakistan some parts of India, Afghanistan and Iran (Persia). The materials which were found during the excavations and on the basis of the radio-carbon dating it is believed that Indus Valley Civilization was spread from the year 2500-1750 B.C. 

  • The first site which was discovered was Harappa which discovered by Dr. D.R. Sahani in the year 1921 on the banks of the river Ravi and Mohanjodaro in the year 1922 by R.D. Banerjee on the banks of the river Indus. Sir John Marshall played important role in both the excavations.
  • Indus Valley Civilization forms the part of the Proto History of India and belongs to the Bronze Age. The population of the Indus Valley Civilization consists of the Mediterranean, Proto-Australoid, and Mongoloids. 
  • The use of Gold, Silver, Copper and Bronze was there but the use of Iron was completely unknown.    
Important Sites of Indus Valley Civilization 
  • Harappa Daya Ram Sahani 1921 
  • Mohanjodaro- R.D. Banerjee-1922 
  • Amri- M.G. Majumdar-1929 
  • Chanhudaro- M.G.Majumdar-1931 
  • Kalibanga- Amlanand Ghosh-1953 
  • Lothal- S.R. Rao-1957 
  • Banwali- R.S. Bisht-1973 
  • Surkotada- Jagat Pal Joshi-1964 
  • Dholavira- Jagat Pal Joshi- 1967 
  • Ropar- Y.D.Sharma- 1953 
  • Rangpur- M.S. Vats- 1931 



Indus Valley Civilization Harappa | Part 2
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Thursday, 21 June 2018

The Rise of Mughal Empire | Part 1

Thursday, June 21, 2018 0



MUGHAL EMPIRE
(1526-1857)
  • The Mughals were originally Turks. They belonged to the Chaghtai branch of the Turkish race.
  • Mughal Empire is also known as Timurid Empire because of its relation to Amir Timur.
  • There were six main rulers of the Mughal Empire
    • Babur (1526 - 1530)
    • Humayun (1530 - 40 & 1555 - 1556)
    • Akbar - (1556 - 1605)
    • Jahangir (1605 - 1627)
    • Shah Jahan (1628 - 1658)
    • Aurangazeb Alamgir (1658 - 1707)

***Babur (1526-1530)***
  • Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, was the fifth descendant of Timur on Father’s side and the fourteenth descendant of Chengizkhan on mothers side.
  • Babur was born in Farghana in Turkey on 14 Feb. 1483 as the son of Umer Sheik Mirza and Nigarkhanum.
  • Babur’s father Umershiek Mirza was the grandson of Amir Timur and the ruler of Farghana.
  • He captured Kabul in 1504. Then Babur attacked India 5 times for want of wealth.
  • Babur’s first Attack of India was in 1519. Bhera was the first place captured by Babur.
  • In 1523, Daulatkhan, Ibrahim Lodhi’s brother invited Babur to India.
  • On 21 April 1526 Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi, the last Lodhi Sultan in the First Battle of Panipat.
  • On 16 March 1527, he defeated Rana Sangha of Mewar, in the Battle of Khanwa.
  • The Rajputs in 1528 under Medini Raj of Malwa fought against Babur in the Battle of Chanderi, but were defeated.
  • In 1529 the Afghans under Muhammed Lodhi fought against Babur in the Battle of Ghaghra but were defeated.
  • In 1530 December 26, Babur died and was cremated at Agra but he was later buried at Aram Bagh near Agra.
  • Babur was the first to use Artillery in India.
  • His memoirs or autobiography ‘Tuzuk-iBaburi or Baburnamah was written in Turkish language, Babur’s mother tongue.

**Humayun**
(1530-1540 and 1555-1556)
  • Humayun was born in 1507 in Kabul as the son of Babur and Mahim Sultana.
  • He became the Mughal Emperor on 29 December 1530 at the age of 23.
  • He divided the empire among his brothers - Askari, Hindal and Kamran.
  • The word ‘Humayun’ means ‘fortunate’
  • Humayunn was an accomplished mathematician and astronomer.
  • In 1539 at the Battle of Chausa, Humayun was defeated for the first time by Shershah Suri.
  • In the next year (1540) Shershah completely defeated Humayun in the
    battle of Kanauj(Also Known as battle of Bilgram).
  • After the lapse of 15 years Humayun recaptured the Empire by defeating the last Sur ruler Sikandar Shah Suri in the Battle of Macchiwara in 1555.
  • After the restoration Humayun ruled for only six months.
  • The Purnaqila was constructed by Humayun but its construction was
    completed by Shershah.
  • In 1533 Humayun built the city of Dinpanha (world refuge) in Delhi.
  • The period from 1540 to 1555 is known as the period of temporary eclipse of the Mughal.
  • Humayun died by an accidental fall from the straicase of his Library ‘Shermandal’ at the Purana Qila in Delhi on 24 January
    1556.
  • Humayun was buried at Humayun’s Tomb at Delhi which was built by his wife Hameeda Bano Begum.
  • The autobiography of Humayun is known as Humayunama and it was written by his sister Gulbadan Begum.

**Akbar (1556-1605)**
  • Father - Humayun
  • Mother - Hamida Bano Begum
  • Guardian - Bairam Khan
  • Akbar was born on 15th October 1542 in the Rajput Empire of Amarkot in Pakistan which was ruled by Maharaja Virasala
  • Akbar became the king at the age of 13 years in the year 1556 by defeating Hemu at the Second Battle of Panipat with the help of his general Bairam Khan.
  • Akbar became an independent ruler at the age of 18 in 1560, after dismissing Bairamkhan.
  • Later he married Bairam Khan widow Salima Begum.
  • In 1561 he defeated the musician Sultan of Malwa - Baz Bahadur.
  • In 1562 Akbar married with Harka Baiwho was a Rajput princess she was later known as Mariam uz Zamani 
  • In the year 1563 he abolished the pilgrim taxes
  • In 1564, he abolished the religious tax Jaziya. Jaziya was impossed for the first time by Firozshah Tughlaq.
  • In 1572 he captured Gujarat and in memory of that he built a new capital city Fathepur sikri (city of Victory) near Agra.
  • The early name of Fathepur Sikri was
    city of Sikri. Buland Darwaza is the gate way of Fathepur Sikri, built by Akbar. In 1575 Akbar constructed a prayer house in Fathepur Sikri known as Ibadatkhana.
  • He started a new revenue system in India known as Todarmal Bandobast
  • He started the famous Mansabdari system in 1571.
  • In 1580 the first Jesuit missionaries arrived at the court of Akbar.
  • In 1585 Ralph Fitch the first English man to reach India, reached Akbar’s
    court.
  • Ralph Fitch is known as pioneer English man or torch bearer Englishman.
  • In 1582 Akbar founded a new religion for universal peace and monotheism known as ‘Din Ilahi’ means Divine Faith.
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Delhi Sultanate Part 2

Thursday, June 21, 2018 0

Alauddin Khalji
(V-Imp for SSC Exam)
(1296-1316)
  • Alauddin ascended the throne after killing his uncle Jalal-ud-din.
  • He was the first Turkish Sultan of Delhi who separated religion from politics. Giving the slogan - "Kingship knows no Kinship".
  • Title given to him : "Sikander II or Sikander-i-Sani"
  • He built Hauz Khas, Siri Fort, Jamat-e-Khana Mosque, Mahal Hazaar Satoon etc
  • In Deccan, Aluddin's army led by Malik Kafur(His Slave) defeated Ram Chandradev, Pratap Rudradeva, Vir ballal III and Vir Pandya.
  • The most important experiment undertaken by the Alauddin was the
    attempt to control the markets. Alauddin sought to control the prices of all commodities, from food grains to horse, and from cattle and slaves to costly imported cloth.

Economic Reforms:-
  • Introduction of Dagh or branding of horses and Chehra.
  • Confiscation of the religious endowments and free grants of lands.
  • Creation of new department viz Diwani-Mustakhraj to enquire into the revenue arrears and to collect them
  • Establishment of separate markets for food grains cloth, horses, fruits etc.
Administrative Reforms Ordinances
  • Reorganized the Spy system
  • Prohibition on use of wine in Delhi
  • Nobles should not intermarry without his permission.
  • Confiscated the properties of Nobles classes.

Military Reforms:-
  • Introduced the first permanent standing army of India
  • Abolition of Iqtas of royal troppers and the payment of their salaries in crash.
  • Regular master of the army.

Shihabuddin Omar
(1316)
  • He ascended the throne as a minor with the death of his father Alauddin Khilji in January 1316.
  • He became Sultan with the help of Malik Kafur, the Military Commander.
    After the assassination of Kafur, his brother Qutb-ud-din Mubarak became Sultan.

Mubarak Khan
(1316-1320)
  • After the death of Kafur (1316), Mubarak Khan was freed from prison and was appointed as regent for Shiab-ud-din.
  • He captured the throne at the first opportunity he got, but could rule only for 4 years as he sank into debauchery and could not give up his dissipated lifestyle.
  • He awarded his lover Hassan authority over the army and place guards, and the latter soon obtained full control over the Sultan's palace.
  • Hassan was given the tittle Khusarau Khan by the Sultan and within months Khasrau killed Mubarak Khan and assumed the title of Nasir-ud-din in mid1320.

Khusro Khan
(1320)
  • Khusrau Khan was killed by Ghazni Khan, governor of Dipalpur when he tried to oppose a rebellion by Ghazni Malik and his son Fakruddin Jaima. This marked the end of the Khalji dynasty and the rise of Tughlaq dynasty at the throne of Delhi.

Tughlaq Dynasty
(1320-1414)
Ghiasuddin Tughlaq

  • Tughlaq Dynasty was founded by Ghiasuddin Tughlaq. His real name was Ghazi Malik.
  • Ghiasuddin Tughlaq founded the dynasty after killing Khuzru Khan in 1320.
  • He built the Tughlaqabad Fort in Delhi the third city of Delhi to the east of Qutub complex.
  • Ghiassudhin Tughlaq was the first Sultan to start irrigation works.
  • He was killed by his son Jauna Khan in the year 1325

Muhammad Bin Tughlaq(Imp for SSC)
  • GhiassuddinTughlaq was succeeded by his son Jauna Khan, popularly known as Muhammed Bin Tughlaq.
  • Muhammed Bin Tughlaq is considered as the single most responsible person for the decline of Delhi Sultanate.
  • Tried to Prohibit "Sati" Practice. 
  • Muhammed Bin Tughlaq was known as a mixture of opposites, wisest fool, Pagal padushah, unfortunate idealogue and the predecessor of Akbar in intellectual and religious matters.
  • Ibn Batuta called him ‘‘an illstared idealist’’.
  • He shifted his capital from Delhi to Devagiri (Daulatabad) in 1327.
  • In 1330 he introduced token currency of bronze and copper.(Which was Poorly Managed)
  • Moroccan Traveller Ibn Batuta visited India during his period.
  • Edward Thanas described him as ‘prince of moneyers’.
Firoz Shah Tughlaq
(1351-1388 AD)
  • Muhammed Bin Tughlaq was succeeded by his elderly cousin, Firoz Shah Tughlaq.
  • Firoz Shah Tughlaq was the first Sultan of Delhi to impose Jaziya. It was a religious tax for the freedom of worship. He imposed it only upon Brahmins.
  • He built the city of Firozbad in Delhi. The Firoz shah Kotla was also built by him.
  • The gate way of Firozshah Kottla is Khooni Darwaza, or blood stained gate. It was constructed by Shersha Suri.
  • He transported two Ashokan Pillars to Firozabad.
  • He is the author of Fatuhat -i- Firozshahi
  • After Firozshah Tughlaq Muhammed Shah Tughlaq or Naziruddin Muhammed came to the throne.
  • It was during the period of his reign that Timur the Lame or Tamerlain a Turkish conqueror of Tartar tribe from Samarkhand attacked India in 1398.
  • Timur appointed Khizr Khan, the governor of Multan his authority in India.

**Sayyid Dynasty (1414 - 1451)**
  • Sayyid Dynasty was founded by Khizr Khan in 1414.
  • Last Sayyid Sultan was Alauddin Alamshah or Shah Alam I. He was killed by Bahalol Lodhi in 1451.
  • Other rulers of Sayyid Dynasty
    • Mubarak Shah (1421-1434)
    • Muhammad Shah (1434-1443)
    • Alam Shah (1443-1451)


Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526)
Bahlol Lodhi (1451-1488)
  • He founded the Lodhi dynasty by usurping the throne from the last of the Sayyid rulers.
  • Bahlol belonged to the Shahu Khel clan of the Lodhi Pashtun tribe.

Sikandar Lodhi (1489-1517)
  • He was the son of Bahlol Lodhi.
  • In 1504, he founded the city of Agra and made it his capital.
  • He introduced the Gaz-i-Sikandari (Sikandar's yard) of 32 digits for
    measuring cultivated fields.

Ibrahim Lodhi (1517-1526 AD)
  • He was the last king of Lodhi dynasty and the last Sultan of Delhi.
  • He was the son of Sikandar Lodhi.
  • He was defeated and killed by Babur in the first battle of Panipat in 1526 AD. (V.Imp)
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